ABSTRACT
Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture including solid particles that are satisfactorily bulky for sedimentation. Generally they must be larger than one micrometer. It is when particles are left floating around freely in a solvent. The inner phase (solid) is discrete all through the external phase (fluid) during mechanical stir, with utilizing of certain excipients or suspending agents. Metronidazole or 2-(2 methyl-5 nitro-1 H –imidazol-1 yl) ethanol belongs to the nitro imidazole group of antibiotics whose antimicrobial property through derive from the formation of toxic free radicals by intracellular reduction. The objective of present study was to prepare suspension of Metronidazole by using different suspending agents and stability testing was to provide evidence on how the quality of suspensions varies with the time under of influence of environmental factors such as temperature, light, oxygen, moisture, other ingredient or excipients in the dosage form, particle size of drug, microbial contamination etc. and to establish a recommended storage condition. The FTIR and DSC techniques are use for characterization of active ingredient MBZ. This suspension was evaluated for appearance, pH, sedimentation volume and dissolution study for in vitro drug release. Result of evaluation indicates 1% w/v xanthan gum give optimal characteristic suspension. Suspension containing 1% w/v was exposed for the stability studies as per ICH guidelines. The suspensions were evaluated for their physicochemical parameter, particle size, drug release, drug content and microbiological assessment. The suspension shows good stability at 25ºC ± 2 ºC /60%± 5% RH, 30 ºC ± 2 ºC /65%± 5% RH and good quantitative analysis result throughout the period of study. Suspension stored at 40 ºC ± 2 ºC /75%± 5% RH shows noncompliance with the analysis parameter after 4 week of storage. This indicate high temperature storage was shows degradation of the suspension which results in crystal growth in formulation and affect the physicochemical parameter as Appearance, pH, viscosity, specific gravity, drug dissolution profile and drug content.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: An audit of autopsies of maternal deaths is important for the establishment of accurate cause of maternal deaths and to determine the contribution of various etiologies responsible in a given community. AIM: To study the causes of maternal deaths as determined by a pathological autopsy. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A retrospective study of all the cases of maternal deaths that underwent a pathological autopsy in a tertiary healthcare center from January 1998 to December 2006. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The autopsy records with clinical notes were retrieved; gross and histopathology specimens and slides were studied to establish the accurate cause of maternal deaths. The variables like age (years), stay in the hospital, gravidity, trimester of pregnancy and method of delivery were used to classify and analyze the data from the autopsies. The causes of maternal deaths were divided in to direct and indirect; each being classified into subgroups based on the most evident pathology on autopsy. RESULTS: The Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) over a nine-year period (1998-2006) was 827/100000 live births (471 maternal deaths against 56944 live births). An autopsy was performed in 277 cases (58.8%). In the autopsy group, the most common causes of maternal mortality were pre-ecclampsia/ecclampsia (40 of 277, 14.44%) and hemorrhage (32 of 277; 11.55%); However, indirect causes like infectious diseases (27 of 277; 9.75%) and cardiac (27 of 277; 9.75%) disease also contributed to maternal deaths. CONCLUSION: Indirect causes like rheumatic heart disease and infections like tuberculosis, malaria or leptospirosis and nutritional anemia are still major causes of maternal mortality in developing countries like India. Intensive efforts need to be taken in these areas to reduce the maternal mortality in developing countries like India.